Selective decontamination of the digestive tract and ventilator-associated pneumonia (part 1).

resistance in esophageal resection. Intensive Care Med 1990;16 Suppl 3:S224–228. 28. van der Voort PH, van Roon EN, Kampinga GA, Boerma EC, Gerritsen RT, Egbers PH, Kuiper MA. A before-after study of multiresistance and cost of selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Infection 2004; 32(5):271–277. 29. Diez-Roux AV. Bringing context back into epidemiology: variables and fallacies in multilevel analysis. Am J Public Health 1998;88(2):216–222. 30. Gastinne H, Wolff M, Delatour F, Faurisson F, Chevret S. A controlled trial in intensive care units of selective decontamination of the digestive tract with nonabsorbable antibiotics. The French Study Group on Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract. N Engl J Med 1992; 326(9):594–599. 31. Kollef MH. Opinion: the clinical use of selective digestive decontamination. Crit Care 2000;4(6):327–332. 32. Monnet DL, MacKenzie FM, LopezLozano JM, Beyaert A, Camacho M, Wilson R, et al. Antimicrobial drug use and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Aberdeen, 1996–2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10(8):1432–1441. 33. Morgenstern H. Ecologic studies. In: Rothman KJ, Greenland S, editors. Modern epidemiology. Philadelphia: LippincottRaven; 1998:459–480. 34. Klein BS, Perloff WH, Maki DG. Reduction of nosocomial infection during pediatric intensive care by protective isolation. N Engl J Med 1989;320(26):1714–1721. 35. Johnson S, Gerding DN, Olson MM, Weiler MD, Hughes RA, Clabots CR, Peterson LR. Prospective, controlled study of vinyl glove use to interrupt Clostridium difficile nosocomial transmission. Am J Med 1990;88(2): 137–140. 36. Maki DG, Zilz MA, McCormick R. The effectiveness of using preemptive barrier precautions routinely (protective isolation) in all high-risk patients to prevent nosocomial infection with resistant organisms, especially MRSA, VRE, and C. difficile (abstract). Proceedings and abstracts of the Thirty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Infectious Disease Society of America, New Orleans, Louisiana, September 1996. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:43. 37. Montecalvo MA, Jarvis WR, Uman J, Shay DK, Petrullo C, Rodney K, et al. Infectioncontrol measures reduce transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an endemic setting. Ann Intern Med 1999;131(4): 269–272. 38. Srinivasan A, Song X, Ross T, Merz W, Brower R, Perl TM. A prospective study to determine whether cover gowns in addition to gloves decrease nosocomial transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23(8):424–428. 39. Safdar N, Marx J, Meyer N, Maki DG. The effectiveness of preemptive enhanced barrier precautions for controlling MRSA in a burn unit (abstract). Proceedings and abstracts of the 43rd InterScience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2003; Chicago, Illinois. 40. Paterson DL, Singh N, Rihs JD, Squier C, Rihs BL, Muder RR. Control of an outbreak of infection due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Escherichia coli in a liver transplantation unit. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33(1):126–128. 41. Bonten MJ, Hayden MK, Nathan C, van Voorhis J, Matushek M, Slaughter S, et al. Epidemiology of colonisation of patients and environment with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 1996;348(9042):1615– 1619. 42. Bonten MJ, Slaughter S, Ambergen AW, Hayden MK, van Voorhis J, Nathan C, Weinstein RA. The role of “colonization pressure” in the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: an important infection control variable. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158(10):1127–1132. 43. Maki DG. Nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit. In: Parrillo J, Bone R, editors. Critical care medicine. St Louis: Mosby; 1994:893–954. 44. Drakulovic MB, Torres A, Bauer TT, Nicolas JM, Nogue S, Ferrer M. Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 354(9193):1851–1858. 45. Valles J, Artigas A, Rello J, Bonsoms N, Fontanals D, Blanch L, et al. Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1995;122(3):179–186.